Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Political Organization. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Orientation et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. with the British was through Samuel Baker. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Encyclopedia.com. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Social Control. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Apoko, Anna (1967). During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. It does not store any personal data. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. authority of a district commissioner. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Shilluk Acholi 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Dholuo According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 2.4. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. interpolity interactions at the county level. Identification. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. ." expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. According to the Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. (1972). The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North."
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