However, they can be eaten anytime after seven months (1, 2). Encyclopaedia Brittanica online. Perianth Tepals 6 arranged in two whorls of three each, persistent, and polyphyllous showing imbricate aestivation in both the whorls. What Are the Major Regions of Manufacturing Lisa Smith has been an editor and writer since 1991. Neera has a low glycemic count at 35 compared to cane sugar or sugarcane juice that has a glycemic count of 80. The aim is to knock a coconut off the stand and win it. Coconut meal leftovers from oil and milk production feeds livestock. Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro et al. Trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. [103] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. A hard shell encloses the insignificant embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. 3rd Floor, St Patricks Complex, Brigade Road, However, several states like Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh have emerged as non-traditional areas for the cultivation of coconut. After the first six to nine years, the coconut palm bears fruit, producing roughly 50 fruits per tree per year, up to 300. [85] Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Stem Aerial, erect, unbranched and columnar, having prominent scars of leaf bases. It is still the largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 64% of the global production. VCO is extracted f rom the fresh , matur e coconut kernel mechanically with or without t he use of heat. Coconut Prices Set to Soar Amid Civil War and Crop Failures; R Ford; The Grocer; April 8, 2011. coconut, edible fruit of the coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ), a tree of the palm family (Arecaceae). A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 litres (79 US gallons) of toddy per year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400L (110USgal). It is cultivated by about 11 million farmers on 12 million hectares; 80% of total production comes from Asia (Adkins et al., 2006). In addition to its use as a food, the coconut is also a source of oil, which is used in cooking and in the production of a range of products, including soaps, cosmetics, and candles. The coconut sector in the past has been dominated by products, copra and coconut oil, and the international coconut trade used to be driven by the demand for . The exocarp is the glossy outer skin, usually yellow-green to yellow-brown in color. Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Harwood (Eds.). 70% of the total coconut production is for domestic consumption in most producing countries making Coconut a critical global food security crop. Fruit farming is one of the most important and long-standing traditions in India, having been done before the beginning of time. Dried copra gives 60 to 67% oil and 33-40% oil cake. Rich in fiber and MCTs, it may offer a number of benefits, including improved heart health, weight loss, and digestion. Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. Sri Lanka is the world's fourth-largest producer of coconuts and is the second-largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 15% of the global production. From here, island-hopping via coral atolls lining the Tethys Sea, potentially boosted by the ocean currents at the time, would have proved crucial to dispersal, eventually allowing ancestral coconuts to reach India. [39] Thenga, its Tamil/Malayalam name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. Encyclopaedia Brittanica online. [70] In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers (also Austronesians) from their homelands in the southern islands of Polynesia.[39]. [18][19][20] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division. This is in line with our tagline, Office : [85], In cooler climates (but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in landscaping. Nearly one third of the world's population depends on coconut for nutrition and trade. Global Coconut production yields 6 million tons in coconut oil equivalent annually and 70% is produced by Philippines, Indonesia and India, Coconut area as a % of viable arable and permanent cropland. Historical Developments in Biological Control Recent Advances. The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. Leaves are also woven into small piuches that are filled with rice and cooked to make pus and ketupat.[162]. In the United States, coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation in Hawaii, southern and central Florida,[110] and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. Coconut oil helps bolster your skins protective barrier layer, trapping moisture inside and keeping skin supple and hydrated. Coconut oil is a "functional food" that is popular in traditional medicine in Asia and used worldwide to treat a wide variety of health problems from abscesses to upset stomachs. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. Coconut meal leftovers from oil and milk production feeds livestock. For the ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking horse, see, Geographical distributions of Indo-Atlantic and Pacific coconut subpopulations and their genetic composition (Gunn, Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the, "Grated coconut" redirects here. It is the dominant form in the Indo-Atlantic coconuts. [180], According to urban legend, more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks annually. [181], Literary evidence from the Ramayana and Sri Lankan chronicles indicates that the coconut was present in the Indian subcontinent before the 1st centuryBCE. De-husked coconuts typically weigh around 750 to 850 grams (1lb 10oz to 1lb 14oz). [78] Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Coconut oil, from the seed of the palm coconut, Cocos nucifera, is highly revered in Asia as the "Tree of Life" or as the fruit of the gods. AGRI INFO - My Agriculture Information Bank, Importance, Composition and Uses of Coconut. Besides the edible kernels and the drink obtained from green nuts, the harvested coconut also yields copra, the dried extracted kernel, or meat, from which coconut oil, a major vegetable oil, is expressed. A recently discovered palm, Beccariophoenix alfredii from Madagascar, is nearly identical to the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. in semiotics from Brown University and completed coursework for an M.A. If the juice does not taste fresh, throw the coconut away. Copyright 2023 Cocoanesia. Samosir (eds.) and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important. Coconut Research Center. In some coconut growing countries, the coconut is the main or only source of foreign exchange earnings. The fragments are dated to approximately 1000BCE, suggesting that cultivation and artificial selection of coconuts were already practiced by the Austronesian Lapita people. Demand grew by 8 percent annually during 1993 to 2004. He explained how at Guam "they eat coconuts" ("mangiano cochi") and that the natives there also "anoint the body and the hair with coconut and beniseed oil" ("ongieno el corpo et li capili co oleo de cocho et de giongioli"). She earned her B.A. In the Malay language, it is pokok seribu guna ("the tree of a thousand uses"). Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Economic Role Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26 provinces to stop the spread of the pest and protect the Philippine coconut industry managed by some 3.5million farmers.[75]. In Cambodia, the roots are used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery. Therefore, eating coconuts regularly reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis. [177], Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. The endocarp is around .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}4 millimetres (18 inch) thick and has three distinctive germination pores (micropyles) on the distal end. [102], Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. Coconuts are high in fiber, which helps bulk up your stool and supports bowel regularity, keeping your digestive system healthy ( 6 , 17 ). India contribute about 50% coir production. The traditional coconut farming in these countries is an integral part of their life, culture and identity. It supplies food, drink and shelter and also supplies raw material to number of industries intimately connected with domestic as well as economic life. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites. They provided a portable source of both food and water, allowing Austronesians to survive long sea voyages to colonize new islands as well as establish long-range trade routes. The importance of coconut palmoil subsequently decreased due to competition from other vegetable oils, particularly palm oil from Elaeis guineensis. They can be sorted mainly into tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between talls and dwarfs). It enables toxins to be removed easily from harmful substances. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by ASEANCanada Forest Tree Seed Centre in 1986. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009[update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. [114], The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. : B.arenosella, B.atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), B.mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), and B. The terms are derived from the Samoan language and was adopted into scientific usage by Harries (1978). [4], A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from Island Southeast Asia (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the Indian subcontinent (the Indo-Atlantic group). A 100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of raw coconut flesh supplies 1,480 kilojoules (354 kilocalories) of food energy and a high amount of total fat (33 grams), especially saturated fat (89% of total fat), along with a moderate quantity of carbohydrates (15g), and protein (3g). Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. Yet, its high in calories and saturated fat, so you should eat it in moderation. In order to resolve this enigma, a 2014 study proposed that the ancestors of Cocos had likely originated on the Caribbean coast of what is now Colombia, and during the Eocene the ancestral Cocos performed a long-distance dispersal across the Atlantic Ocean to North Africa. Coconut (Cocos nucifera). [78], A more controversial method employed by a small number of coconut farmers in Thailand and Malaysia use trained pig-tailed macaques to harvest coconuts. (January 27, 1967). [76], Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. Frison, E.A. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. ; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A. [33], Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease, lethal yellowing. [21][22], Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a taproot nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root system. The edible white, fleshy part of the seed (the endosperm) is known as the "coconut meat", "coconut flesh", or "coconut kernel. Flowering occurs continuously. In the west coast of India, the palm is an essential component in the homestead system of farming. [26][27] The vast majority of Cocos-like fossils have been recovered generally from only two regions in the world: New Zealand and west-central India. They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern Cocos nucifera. Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it jawz hind, translating to 'Indian nut'. What are the benefits of coconut products? In particular, the area around Salalah maintains large coconut plantations similar to those found across the Arabian Sea in Kerala. Lately, civil wars and crop failures have driven up the EU Rotterdam coconut oil price, which has doubled during 2010-2011, nearing $2,000 per tonne, according to the UK Grocer. While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a haustorium (the coconut sprout) inside the central cavity. nuciferae. Coconuts were introduced by Europeans to the Americas only during the colonial era in the Columbian exchange, but there is evidence of a possible pre-Columbian introduction of Pacific coconuts to Panama by Austronesian sailors. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace. Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." Additionally, a genetically distinct subpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut from the Philippines. The coir is used to make brooms in Cambodia.[158]. "Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats". [86][87][88][84], The pole method uses a long pole with a cutting device at the end. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. Coconut oil and milk are ingredients in cooking, frying, soaps and cosmetics, and foods like margarine and popcorn. Although it shares similar characteristics to dwarf coconuts (including slow growth), it is genetically distinct and is thus believed to be independently domesticated, likely in Tonga. Both the exocarp and the mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconut, while the endocarp makes up the hard coconut "shell". econom y of Sri Lanka. In the Ilocos region of the northern Philippines, the Ilocano people fill two halved coconut shells with diket (cooked sweet rice), and place liningta nga itlog (halved boiled egg) on top of it. Coconut plays a significant role in the agrarian economy of India. In 2020, world production of coconuts was 62 million tonnes, led by Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, with 75% combined of the total (table). It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one tonne of copra. He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more.[57]. Overall, unsweetened coconut meat makes a great addition to a balanced diet. Since these fruits are likewise high in fat, they can help your body absorb fat-soluble nutrients, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. Corrections? They were commonly carried by Spanish ships as a source of fresh water. [43], The specific name nucifera is derived from the Latin words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'. Half coconut shells are used in theatre Foley sound effects work, struck together to create the sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk or coconut oil. Because the nuts can fall from a height of 30 yards, in Southern Asia and Australia, monkeys (e.g., Malaya macaques) are trained to harvest them. After the first six to nine years, the coconut palm bears fruit, producing roughly 50 fruits per tree per year, up to 300. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list. Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. [101][102], Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and, Gujarat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Coconut trees also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the coasts of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia with the help of irrigation. From this vinegar jaggery and sugar is prepared. For other uses, see, "Grated coconut" redirects here. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. One of the primary economic contributions of the coconut is as a source of food. Thailand has been raising and training pig-tailed macaques to pick coconuts for around 400years. As part of the activities, there was a two-day conference aimed at re-educating Guyanese about the diverse benefits of the coconut fruit focusing on its economic diversification and multipurpose use, while heightening awareness and boosting the local Agro-tourism sector. typica) and "Dwarf" (var. Why Are There No Coconuts In North India? Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom. Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. "[117] In the coconut industry, coconut meat can be classified loosely into three different types depending on maturity namely "Malauhog", "Malakanin" and "Malakatad". Nevin KG. Two of the pores are plugged (the "eyes"), while one is functional. ; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. (April 2006). Coir Developments Much of coir production is done by small holders meaning production is scattered and at small volumes. [121][122], Both Malauhog and Malakanin coconut meat of immature fruits can be eaten as is or used in salads, drinks, desserts, and pastries such as buko pie and es kelapa muda. The "branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a switch. Production is based in Southern Asia, Central and South America, Oceania and southern Africa; Asia accounts for 84 percent. Over the course of evolutionary time-scales the shifting atolls would have shortened the paths of colonization, meaning that any one coconut would not have to travel very far to find new land. Coconut is an important tree crop with diverse end-users and employment generation potentials. It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as typhoon devastation. Grated coconut that is dehydrated by drying or baking is known as "desiccated coconut." Coconut water is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when consumed as a drink. The cups were frequently engraved and decorated with precious metals.[155]. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents. They have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the single-seeded nut. The endocarp or shell is used for fuel for making shell charcoal, activated carbon etc. [146] The sap when fermented can also be made into coconut vinegar or various palm wines (which can be further distilled to make arrack). The husks of the coconut are a source of coir, a fiber used in the production of brushes, matting, and other products. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. It is an important commercial product obtained from the husk of coconut. (1992). Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. [108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. [84] Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders. Micronutrients in significant content (more than 10% of the Daily Value) include the dietary minerals, manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc (table). What is the economic importance of coconut? The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained edible and capable of germinating the whole way to Polynesia. Saturday &Sunday CLOSED, Hybrid Coconut seedlings, Deejay Sampoorna. (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. [28] In west-central India, numerous fossils of Cocos-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the Deccan Traps. [173] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. In Sanskrit, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the necessities of life"). As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. Three countries were chosen from the nine as focus countries for implementation: Guyana, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. [118][119] Another method is to shake the coconut. The know-how of coconut cultivation and necessary soil fixation and irrigation may have found its way into Omani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra culture by people who returned from those overseas areas. Based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into Pacific coconuts and Indo-Atlantic coconuts, respectively. The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in Marathi. Agriculture Industry In the past, the harvesting of coconuts and their husks was considered part of the waste or for burning fuel, and they did not have much economic benefit. Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. Beneficial Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil on Lipid Parameters and in Vitro LDL Oxidation. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18C (64F) and need a daily temperature above 22C (72F) to produce fruit. The coconut is also an important economic resource for the production of fiber and other materials. Its fruits are similar to the coconut, but smaller. Apart from its economic importance, the environmental and . Coconut oil is a "functional food" that is popular in traditional medicine in Asia and used worldwide to treat a wide variety of health problems from abscesses to upset stomachs. What happens to your body if you drink coconut water everyday? On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. Demand grew by 8 percent annually during 1993 to 2004. Coconut is taken by mouth for bladder stones, diabetes, high cholesterol, and weight loss. The Philippines and Indonesia lead in copra production, and throughout the South Pacific copra is one of the most important export products. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses.The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics.
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